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Archive for December, 2010

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negotiations in a high-tech companies invest about issues more than just a discussion on the commercial terms of the transaction. One of the most important issues involved in the negotiations is the relationship between the parties on the morning after the transaction, ie, their joint management of the company after the investment. For most of this is to define the management and voting rights of investor protection, limitations on future sales of shares, etc.

These questions find their legal expression in the new areas of society, to come into force as soon as the investment is made, and shareholders should be signed when the case is closed.

Apparently, these things clearly and expected, but in reality, my experience as someone who represents the contractor and sometimes, sometimes, investors and society, can not sometimes see a party considerations and the legitimate expectations of the other party and is therefore suitable to prevent the successful conclusion of negotiations.

Below or more ideas that both parties to help investment negotiations to a successful conclusion is.

For entrepreneurs / shareholders

· Preparation of business planning, so that it is based on realistic data. Make sure that the data contained in the projections that the update as possible. Remember that investors real credibility to the business plan and the plan is the basis of their expectations for the maximization of profits for their investments.

• You place your cards on the table and deal with investors with full transparency. Tell them all the facts and disclosing them and their representatives of all relevant information. If investors discover during due diligence, you are not really honest with them, it is reasonable to assume that they withdraw from the transaction. If, after the investment, they discover the conclusions that you do not during the negotiations wanted to pass it will be open for inspection.

• There is no need to dwell on the importance of investment in your company and in the case of a strategic investor, the value it will make to society in its areas of intervention. It is important to remember that the main interest of investors to maximize profits from their investments. That is their main goal. The success of the product or other successes and achievements of the Company are secondary to the primary objective of the investor. It is therefore important that in the phase of negotiations, investors will show you how it is possible in the future to maximize returns on their investments and strategy are achieved.

• Do not be afraid to lose exclusivity in the management of the company. , Note investors are also entitled to influence the way the company – is used – and that is financed with money. Moreover, it is likely that the experience of the investors or their representatives and their contacts, helping the company to better manage and promote their activities.

• Before an impasse because of disputes about the extent of dilution of the shares in the company, it is best to remember that the dilution is justified if it is implemented in return for increasing shareholder value. It is better to have a small investment in a company value than the other way.

· Remember, the investment is designed to increase the value of the company, so that the percentage importance of participation in the company after the investment, but the future value of these investments is more important.

• The right to information on, the company is a basic fundamental right of investors. Do not argue unnecessarily on request, to the investor information.

For investors

• No surprise, the contractor. During the early negotiations, all your future plans be for the company, including the extent of your participation in its work. It is preferable to clarify the differences in approach at the outset of the negotiations. This way you know if there is a possibility of joint management.

· Remember, the contractor, the shareholders of the Company, where it is now being made. They apparently succeeded to a certain degree, otherwise you would not invest in the business at all. Do not make things unnecessarily difficult with rigid regulatory requirements in relation to the future management of the company, and setting rigid limits decision-making inherent in its current management. That the current management will lead the company as long as he continues the job done right and you can communicate.

· Maintain reserve the right to control and supervision for the important moments, including the acquisition of veto rights on important decisions for the future of the company. However, no charges in the majority of the Company in exchange for a minority stake.

· Employees of the company, particularly its leadership are the most important resource in which you invest. Not intervene unnecessarily in the employment of the company that the CEO is assumed. Bear in mind that the conditions of employment, the appropriate long-term integration of key employees of the company guaranteed.

• you every right to maximize the benefits of your investment, you are entitled to claim preferential rights for your shares. However, it should be remembered for that other shareholders the right to exercise their important assets. The “double dip” method (which, if the company sells, so that investors take the first return on investment agreement on the sale proceeds, and split the balance with the rest of the shareholders) is not always fair. An agreement on the first priority will be achieved for the investors, returning the investment with the addition of the performance agreement and then distributing the remainder to the other shareholders.

to restrictions ° A request to sell shares of the business is legitimate, at least in the beginning but later, you should be flexible, so that contractors be able to enjoy the fruits of their labor.

* His there are a number of investors, their representation on the Board of Directors to ensure the company is limited. An oversized board is heavy. A voting system must also be in place, a uniform position for all investors subject to be set by majority rule. An investor may not be keeping the company and other shareholders in the throat, when important decisions must be made for the future of society.

Introduction

802.11 :

“Wireless LAN offers new possibilities for LAN users, which has mainly the mobility of terminals and easy reconfiguration In general the following advantages WLAN” [JHSchiller 2000]

flexibility. If the node in the wireless coverage are the network, allowing them to communicate without major restrictions on the location of the terminal. It is not important for terminals remain visible on the other side. If the frequency of the electromagnetic waves is not too high, walls and other obstacles in a typical indoor environment are usually simplified pénétré.planification: Configure an ad-hoc network is not necessary and worthy part of the network is in Engineering radio.Possibilité a temporary network Configuration networks that need can temporarily using the wireless communication. (For example, at the great international exhibitions, sports competitions, etc.).

WLAN also some disadvantages, most of them are the result of the use of a radio station as a means of propagation delay, the major drawbacks are the following. “[Hazysztof Wesolowshi 2002]

lower quality transmission over wired LANs. 10 ^ -3 10 ^ -4 is the order of the error in the radio station or it can be worse than that. For better or FEC ARQ techniques . needs to be a comparison, the error rate of transmission via a Fibre Channel more than 10 ^-10.Bas Security: The information transmitted over the radio channel can easily be intercepted as compared to wired LANs If WLAN is used inappropriately, it can. a source of interference for other devices such as sensitive medical devices. Wireless Local Area Networks rarely operate independently of other networks and wireless transmission systems is used to access a wired network

Several generations of mobile phones .

1G .

1G technology of first generation analogue cellular Simplified (AMPS is an example of a cellular network, 1G) Established in the 1980s, this technology has been developed for mobile phones calls to transfer the calls to the. air transfer and are very easy to catch. “1G (or 1-G) is short for mobile phone technology the first generation of phones. These are the standards for cellular analog introduced in the 1980s and lasted until it is of 2G mobile phones digital version The main difference between two subsequent phone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks are analogous to use, while the 2G is digital “[.. http: / / www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/1G]

Circuit Switch:

analog system circuit switching technology is in 1G used with FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), working primarily in the frequency bands 800-900 MHz. To The networks have a capacity of less traffic, secure transmission, voice quality is poor, and the lack of security.

a Send signal from the cellular base station to the handset, the system tends to a band of 25 MHz and another band of 25 MHz for signals assigned to the handset is returned to the station base. However, these groups in a range of communication channels, each of the complainant will be used primarily divided.

2G

After

1G, 2G, has (second generation) mobile phone turned up. For the first time was a 2G phone, exclusively on digital technology. demands on the networks, particularly in densely populated cities, means that more sophisticated methods have been used to manage the large number of calls, reducing the risk of interference and call interrupted transfers. There are many principles in both generation involved of phones. When they both have the same cell structure. But is processed, the nature of the signals differently. 1G networks are not capable of the advanced features of 2G systems, such as caller ID and have text messaging.

GSM 900, for example, are two bands of 25 MHz bandwidth used. The band 890-915 MHz is committed to the communication from the mobile station uplink to the base station, and the band 935-960 MHz for downlink communications from the base station uses the mobile station. Each group divided into 124 channels 200 kHz distance from each other in a similar way as the FDMA method that was used in 1G system, then each carrier frequency by a further eight TDMA 577 usec long “slots” divided, each having a channel of communication -. the total number of channels is likely, therefore, was 124 x 8, producing a maximum of 992 simultaneous calls speculative.

GPRS and EDGE

2.5G (enhanced second generation) is a general term used for a standard WLAN mobile phone password is between 2G and 3G. growth of 2.5 G was a stepping stone to 3G, which insists that the enhanced data services, and the right to use the Internet was seen encouraging. In the development of mobile communication, each generation provide a maximum data rate and additional capacity and 2.5 G is not free to failing to provide 2G services faster, but not as fast or as complex as the new 3G systems.

Some observers 2.5G as a route alternative to 3G, but it seems that short-term 2.5G several times slower than full 3G service. In 2.5G technical provisions, the capacity of 2G systems extended with additional features such as a packet-switched connection (GPRS ) in the TDMA-based GSM and strengthening data rates (HSCSD, and EDGE). These improved systems allow 2.5 billion flows 64-144 kbps, which allow these phones to web browsing, the use of routing and navigation maps, voice mail, Fax and transfer and feature to important e-mails.

3G

mobile third-generation networks are the latest phase of the growth of wireless communications technology. The main features of 3G systems carry them far higher data transfer rates, and this increased capacity, that are customary for high-speed application data and for voice calls. In fact, 3G systems are designed, data and voice signals into digital data handle, coordinate these results with the words, in a large the same way that any form of additional data use. third-generation packet-switching technology that is more capable and faster than conventional systems circuit switching, but they need a little special infrastructure for 2G systems. “Japanese 3G services were 2001 set up so that Japan offer one of the first countries to 3G technology commercially. 3G technology in Japan is able to match the quality of fixed telecommunications equipment, and simultaneously with high speed data transmission and international roaming in all areas where 3G networks are available. “[The market for wireless telecommunications in Japan, April 2006]

W-CDMA and CDMA2000

It is generally accepted that CDMA technology offers higher transfer capacity, whereas previous techniques using GSM / TDMA is compared. W-CDMA can be used more of the available bandwidth because the technology allows all the CDMA base stations use the same frequency. In W-CDMA, the data in individual packets, which then be transferred, divided by the technology of packet switching are packets in the exact order at the receiver with the code that is transmitted with each installed package. W-CDMA has a problem probably due to the fact that multiple users to communicate with a Base Station, an event as “cell breathing” may know, this fund fact that the user of the limited power of the transmitter of the base station, the importance of the cell are less competitive -. are planned for W-CDMA and CDMA 2000, this issue

ease.

UMTS

expected UMTS systems, provide a range of data rates, depending on the conditions of the user, up to 144 kbps for moving vehicles (macro-cell environments) up to 384 kbps for pedestrians (microcellular environments) and up to 2 Mbps for stationary users were within or (picocellular environments). differences in the support of vital rates of 2G networks only 9.6 kbit / s, as in GSM, which is sufficient for a complex service is digital

Modulation.

is to change process certain features of a periodic wave with an external signal is called modulation These high-frequency carrier signals. be transmitted through the air and are easy to cover in a position to long distances. The properties (amplitude, frequency or phase) of the carrier are in agreement with the carrier signal turn big. In the field of telecommunications, in turn, the carrier signal is also seen as a signal modulation .

FDMA:

Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a type of multiplexing protocol in the process of multiple access used in FDMA user or allocated several frequency bands, giving them the opportunity. .. to use the allocated band without the other co-ordination of access to multiple clients using multiple access techniques Various methods such as TDMA, CDMA is also for users to share access using

TDMA.

the Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA) is an access method shared medium of the channel (usually radio) networks. He divides the channel in different time intervals and allows different users to share the same frequency. users to transfer quickly each time with their own after the other. is only part of the transmission capacity used to share the same transmission medium at several stations. GSM 2G digital technology uses TDMA. It is also in other systems such as Personal Digital Cellular and iDEN, and in the System of Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications, a standard for the mobile

CDMA

is used

many CDMA radio communication technologies with the method of channel access. transmission of information both on a single channel that allows users Many is the most important concept and idea in the data communication. This concept of multiple channels sharing a range of frequency. This is called multiplexing. Spread-spectrum technology and coding (where each user has a code is assigned) to allow multiple users to the same physical channel can receive multiplex is used in CDMA. short FDMA divides the frequency of access, shall TDMA and CDMA standby time is a spread spectrum encoding and access shares by allocating a code from a modulated signal has a bandwidth much higher Data encrypted to release the data themselves. codes assigned to occupy the same channel, but users are assigned a code can understand each other.

3G and 802.11 data rates and integration

data rate of 3G-over WLAN

The speed of wireless networks are anywhere from 1 Mbps to 54 Mbps. It is accepted by the 802.11 standards-based remote access points. Access Points can only be a few thousand feet, making them suitable for small networks such as hotels and airports. When comparing wireless networks using the 3G standards require high capital investment and support a data rate kbit of about 64 / s to 2 Mbit / s up, but covers a wide spectrum range, connectivity makes ubiquitous. the architecture, the user typically between these two networks separate, are the pros and profitable for service providers and users.

WLAN integration with 3G networks.

The development of wireless communication has grown rapidly and it had been applied for many services. Wireless LANs and cellular mobile networks were the most useful technologies for use in wireless communications. 3G networks cover large areas of ubiquitous connectivity to cover but again with data rate at low speed. WLANs small areas, but at higher speeds and compatibility for easy Internet access via cable. 3G and WLAN have complementary characteristics. The integration of these two systems, users of high-speed wireless data and pervasive connectivity. The integration of these two systems are to consider several aspects of authentication, billing, QoS, and roaming with a pause between the networks.

The degree of dependence is an introduction to these two networks, there are two methods in order to . integrate They are:

Eng coupled coupled Interconnexion faiblement grids

tightly coupled interworking

The concept is tightly coupled approach is that the 802.11 network to another as a 3G access network the 3G core network will appear. In that mimic the 802.11 network, the functions that are the core 3G network. In the figure we see that the gateway uses 802.11 WISP No. 1, to mimic as FCP for 3G core network and if it appears that CDMA2000 UMTS SGSN. 802.11 Gateway hides all details of the 802.11 networks for 3G base and tries to implement all the protocols for a 3G network, 3G access is required. “mobile node in this approach are the implementation of the 3G protocol stack according to the above its 802.11 network cards, and pass a physical layer to another need. All traffic generated by clients of the 802.11 network is injected with the 3G protocols in the 3G core. [Buddhikot MG Chandranmenon, S. Han, YW Lee, S. Miller, L. Salgarelli, 2003]

networks, unlike similar share authentication, signaling, traffic and billing infrastructure, separated

, because the protocols used in the physical layer radio-based interface. But this progress has not a few disadvantages. As the 3G core network immediately suspend its interfaces to the 802.11 network, a provider has both the 802.11 and 3G parts of the network. be integrated in fact, in this case is not separately managed 802.11 island with 3G networks. 3G networks are in use today with yourself carefully designed tools for network planning, and capacity and the formation of each network part is based mechanisms, tailored to the technology utilized in the air interface. By injecting traffic in nonstop 802.11 core 3G, the unity of the whole network, as fine as the Constitution and the plane network elements such as PDSN and GGSN must individually keep on increasing load. The layout of the room client also currently many problems with this movement.

“First, as above, the 802.11 network cards would have to implement the 3G protocol stack described. It would also mandate the use of authentication mechanisms based on specific 3G Universal Subscriber Identity Module” or “Removable User Identity Module ( R-UIM) for authentication on the maps of wireless LANs, the vendor requires of 802.11 on 3G carriers interconnect SS7 network in order to perform the authentication. [Standard Removable User Identity Module for CDMA 2000 Spread Spectrum, June 2000.]

This also provides the use takes over 802.11 network interface cards with fixed or USIM-R-slots UIM card or external individually in the terminals. For the reasons stated above, the complication rate and high cost the reorganization of core networks and 3G-802, 11 gateways would operators, the tightly coupled approach, only 802.11 WISP push select competitive.

loosely coupled interoperability

As the previous architecture, the loose coupling close calls for the beginning of a new element in the 802.11 network to draw, the Gateway 802 11th On the other hand, in this design, the gateway to connect to the Internet and has no direct connection to the 3G core network, such as PDSN, GGSN or 3G core network switch. Users access services gateway 802.11, users who have signed in the neighborhood, and mobile clients, who come from the networks of old. “We call this approach loosely coupled interoperability, because it completely separates the data paths in 802.11 and 3G networks. The high speed of 802.11 data is never injected into the core 3G network, but reaches the end user transparent access. In this approach, various mechanisms and protocols, the authentication, billing and mobility management in 3G and 802.11 parts of the network handle. But for the seamless operation is possible, they should interact. [Wireless IP Network Standard. P.S0001-A-1, 2000]

In the case of interoperability with CDMA2000, the requirement that the gateway supports 802.11 mobile IP features for mobility in networks and services reflect, to AAA servers in the 3G home network AAA work. This would be the 3G supplier to the documents and office to a record 802.11 unified billing representatives collect use systems and different costs for the two (3G and 802.11) networks. At the same time, the use of AAA services on both networks would also matched the bridge to the dynamic 802.11 service policies by the user received from AAA server to get used to at home, and implement, and such a policy for the 802.11 network. “Since the UMTS standard is not yet include support for protocols such as IETF AAA and Mobile IP is more adjustment is needed to integrate UMTS networks. IP-Mobile, would be modernized for the GGSN to provide a seamless mobility between 802.11 and UMTS require permit. databases of subscribers would be common interface for Home Location Register (HLR) for authentication and accounting on the side of the UMTS network and the AAA server are performed for the same operations as customers move to 802.11 networks. There are several advantages that are loosely coupled integration approach. First, it allows independent deployment and traffic engineering of 802.11 and 3G networks. “[IP Mobility Support for IPv4 January 2002]

Conclusion.

In this article I have described the challenges of integrating third-generation wireless networks with wireless local area technologies such as 802.11. In this introduction, two options for the integration of architecture, known as tightly coupled and loosely coupled interworking described. The wireless local area networks over 3G networks have data rates at high speeds, but the reach of small size. The WLAN infrastructure is expensive compared to wired LANs, but cheaper in comparison to the 3G infrastructure.

References

C. Perkins (Editor). Help Mobile IP for IPv4. RFC 3220, IETF, January 2002.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/1G 1 Accessed January 2009.

Hazysztof Wesolowshi, mobile communication system, John Wiley & Sons, 2002

JHSchiller

, mobile, Addison-Wesley, Reading Fair 2000

/ p > Men

Buddhikot, Chandranmenon G., S. Han, YW Lee, S. Miller, L. Salgarelli, Integration of 802.11 and third-generation wireless data networks, IEEE INFOCOM 2003rd

Removable User Identity Module Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems. C.S0023-0, 3GPP2, June 2000.

wireless telecom market in Japan, April 2006 Market Research Centre, Canada

Wireless IP Network Standard. P.S0001-A-1, third Generation Partnership Program 2 (3GPP2), 2000

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